فصلنامه علوم پیراپزشکی و توانبخشی
سال یازدهم شماره 3 (پاییز 1401)

To compare the intraocular pressure (IOP) measured with the Goldmann tonometer as the current standard of clinics with five different tonometers in healthy people, and to investigate the effect of corneal thickness and biomechanical properties on measurements.In this cross-sectional study, IOP was measured in 94 eyes of 94 healthy subjects with the Goldmann, manual applanation resonance, Icare, Topcon non-contact, Ocular Response Analyzer and Corvis’s tonometers. Comparison of the IOPs measured with different techniques was done using the repeated measures analysis of variance while the central corneal thickness as a covariate.  The Bland-Altman plots and intraclass correlation coefficients were used to assess the agreement between the measurements. Limits of agreement were determined as the mean difference ±1.96 SD. Regression analysis was used to estimate the effect of central corneal thickness, corneal hysteresis, and corneal resistance factor on IOPs obtained using different tonometers.The lowest mean IOP was obtained with the Goldmann tonometer (13.1 ± 2.6 mmHg) and the highest with the Topcon non-contact tonometer (17.3 ± 2.5 mm Hg). There was a statistically significant difference between the pressure measured by Goldmann's tonometer and other tonometers. The mean IOP measured using Icare (14.6 ± 3.4 mmHg) demonstrated the smallest mean difference and the highest agreement with the Goldmannn tonometer results. Central corneal thickness significantly affected all IOPs except the cornea-compensated IOP (IOPcc). The highest influence of IOP on the corneal resistance factor was related to Topcon non-contact tonometer and Goldmann correlated IOP (IOPg), while the lowest was seen with IOPcc and Goldmann.The Icare tonometer had the highest agreement among the different tonometers with the Goldmann tonometer. The central thickness of the cornea affects the results of all tonometers except IOPcc. Among the two evaluated corneal biomechanical parameters, the corneal resistance factor was the only biomechanical parameter effective on IOPs measured with all devices.

Water immersion built a new environment in which weightlessness puts unknown demand on somatosensory system such as altered sensory integration due to the improper proprioception afferent. This condition can lead to an imprecise function of human postural balance system. But studies focused on the short-term effects of water immersion instead of truly long-term adaptations. So, the aim of this study was to investigate if chronic exposure to microgravity environment can lead to balance deficits and furthermore, to assess potential differences between two types of diving which is breath-hold and SCUBA.

11 breath-hold divers (BHD), 13 scuba divers (both types of divers must have diving experience for at least 4 years) and 22 non-divers (ND), without any history of recent injuries or history that affects balance control, recent were undergone Functional reach test (FRT) as well as Y balance test (YBT).

There were no meaningful differences among experimental groups in limited of stability (p=0.860) and all groups were highly stable in FRT. But in other research criteria, BHD group were significantly had a better ability to maintain their balance during YBT task (p=0.004), while that SCUBA group found to have a poor ability in this matter versus BHD (p=0.001) and ND (p=0.001) groups.

Our findings suggest that BHD and SCUBA divers have a normal ability in order to do functional reach tasks, but by increasing movement demands, SCUBA divers have been faced with balance difficulty more than BHD divers. Hence, according to the obvious difference between BHD and SCUBA divers, along with showing a meaningful difference by ND group, it seems that adding balance training to the routine BHD and SCUBA divers’ program, should be beneficial in order to improve their balance ability.

Thoracic hyperkyphosis is one of the common anomalies in children in recent years. In addition to corrective exercise, corrective games are one of the correctional methods which have been used to prevent and correct functional anomalies among children. Unlike corrective exercise, in corrective games method, correctional goals apply with prevention and correction purpose in the game shape and format The present study aimed to compare the effect and sustainability of a course corrective games with selected corrective exercise on 10-12 aged boys with thoracic hyperkyphosis.Ninety boys with age average (11.20±0.80 years), height average (140.78±5.91 cm), and weight average (39.69±4.75 kg) were randomly divided into corrective games, selected corrective exercise and control group. Subject in experimental groups performed their related corrective games and corrective exercises for 8 weeks and 3 sessions every week. Each session lasted for 30-60 minutes. During this time the control group did their normal daily activity. The kyphosis angle required to enter to the study was considered greater than 40 degrees. This angle was measured by a flexible ruler. Data were recorded at the beginning of the study as a pre-test, at the end of the 8 weeks’ exercises as a post-test and 8 weeks after the completion of the study as a second post-test level.The finding of the repeated measure ANOVA test indicated a significant difference in kyphosis angle at the pre-test level (45.62±2.40) versus the post-test level (42.46±2.24), and in follow-up level (42.42±2.09) in the corrective games group, and the pre-test level (45.81±2.59) versus the post-test level (42.26±2.36) and in the follow-up level (42.52±2.27) in the selected corrective exercise group (P≤0.05). Moreover, there was no significant difference in the kyphosis angel in the control group, at the pre-test level (44.93±1.59) versus the post-test level (45.26±1.79) and in the follow-up level (45.26±1.84) (P>0.05). The obtained effect size was 0.85 in the corrective games group, 0.81 in the selected corrective exercise group, and 0.08 in the control group, which shows the high effectiveness of present study protocols in experimental groups. Also, the results of the ANCOVA test indicated a significant difference in thoracic kyphosis angle between 3 groups in the study at the post-test and the follow-up levels (P≤0.05). Therefore, in order to clarify this difference, the Bonferroni post-hoc test was used. The finding of this test indicated a non-significant difference in thoracic kyphosis angle between corrective games and selected corrective exercise groups in the post-test and follow-up levels (P>0.05). The observed difference was related to the corrective games and selected corrective exercise kyphosis angle difference with control groups at mentioned levels (P≤0.05).The corrective games and the selected corrective exercise have a positive and similar effect with exercise effects sustainability on thoracic kyphosis reduction. Therefore, performing 8 weeks’ corrective games besides selected corrective exercise has a considerable and sustainable effect on thoracic hyperkyphosis angle in 10-12 aged boys and using corrective games as an autonomous method recommended to thoracic hyperkyphosis correction in 10-12 years old boys.

(1) To evaluate the correlation between lower limb disability and activity and severity parameters including number of swollen joints, number of sensitive joint, morning stiffness time and Ritchie Articular Index (RAI)). (2) To investigate its known-group validity of RAOS questionnaire by Rheumatoid Factor (RF), Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) and C-reactive Protein (CRP).234 patients with RA were requested to complete the Persian version of Rheumatoid and Arthritis Outcome Score (RAOS measures the patients’ opinion about their leg and associated problems). This cross-sectional study was performed in year 1400 in Iranian rheumatology center. Activity and severity parameters were recorded by rheumatologist. Finally, RF, ESR and CRP were evaluated using blood test. Spearman’s correlations between the RAOS subscales and the number of tender joints and swollen joints, duration of joint stiffness, RAI, pain and Health ranged between 0.51 and 0.74. In addition, Mann-Whitney U tests showed significant difference of PHAQ-DI scores between known groups of positive and negative states of CRP and ESR. In regression analysis, pain and health variables were significantly correlated to almost all subscales of the RAOS questionnaire.The Persian version of RAOS questionnaire is a valid questionnaire for measuring the disability in RA patients.

Most anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries occur when the athlete’s attention is focused on performing tasks and cognitive challenges. Dysfunction of the performance and proprioception of the knee joint in the condition of divided attention exposes a person to ACL injury. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of neuromuscular training with dual cognitive tasks on the performance and proprioception of futsal players with dynamic knee valgus deficits.30 futsal players with dynamic knee valgus deficit (mean age: 21.86 ± 3.27 years, weight: 68.91 ± 99.55 kg, height: 175.6 ± 6.49 cm) were purposefully selected and randomly divided into two groups (control=15, experimental=15). In the pre-test, performance by tuck jump test and single leg triple hop test, as well as proprioception of the knee joint by digital imaging of the goniometric method were evaluated. The experimental group participated in a neuromuscular training program with dual cognitive tasks for eight weeks. Both groups performed a pre-test prior to the training period and performed a post-test two days after the training period in the experimental group. After data collection, univariate analysis of covariance and independent t-test were used to examine the means and differences between groups at a significant level (P≤0.05).The results of statistical tests showed that there was a significant difference between the mean scores of the Tuck jump test (P = 0.001) and Single Leg Triple Hop Test (P = 0.001) between the subjects of the two groups in the post-test, so the experimental group performance was better than the control group. There was no significant difference in proprioception of the knee (P=0.459), however, the mean error of proprioception reconstruction was further improved in the experimental group.The results of the present study showed that performing neuromuscular training with dual cognitive tasks significantly improves performance and reduces knee proprioception error. Therefore, it is possible that combining neuromuscular training with dual cognitive tasks as a new training approach can be effective to prevent ACL injury.

The purpose of this study was to compare the signs of mathematics learning disorder in bilingual and monolingual students.

The research method was casual-comparative. The statistical population included all bilingual and monolingual students in the third grade of primary school referred to the medical centers for learning disabilities in Tabriz and Tehran in 2019-2020. Convenience sampling was used for selecting 50 people for each group. Data were collected through WISC-IV and Key Math test and analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance.

The results showed that the mean scores of application and the total score of mathematics in bilingual students were significantly lower than monolingual students. Also, in math subtests, the mean scores of bilingual students in calculation (p=0.004), size, time, solution, interpretation and estimation (p<0.001) were significantly lower than monolingual students.

According to the findings, bilingual students had more problems in mathematics compared to monolingual students.

The patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) is one of the most common diseases of the knee joint that causes pain, dysfunction, and reduces the quality of life in the elderly. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of core exercise stability and strength training of hip abductors with mobilization exercise on pain, functional disability, and quality of life in elderly patients with PFPS.

Twenty elderly male patients with PFPS were purposefully selected and randomly and equally divided into two groups of central stability training group (age 63.7 ± 3.19 years, height 173.1 ± 6.2, weight 76.8 ± 7.92 kg) and mobilization exercise group (age 65.2 ± 3.22 years, height 174.3 ± 7.64, weight 77.5 ± 7.98 kg) were located. The first experimental group performed core stability exercises and strengthening the hip muscles for six weeks (three sessions, 45 minutes each session), and the second group performed mobilization exercises during the same period. Before and after the training protocol, the research variables were measured by using questionnaires for pain intensity (visual analogue scale), functional disability, and quality of life. For data analysis, repeated measures ANOVA with a significance level of p= 0.05 was used.

The results of this study showed a significant decrease in pain factors, functional disability, and quality of life in the groups of core stability exercises and strengthening the hip flexor muscles (p<0.05) and a significant decrease in pain intensity, performance, and quality in the mobilization training group. The number of variables in the two groups was not significant. But the effect size indicated that the exercises for core stability and strengthening of the hip flexor muscles were better in all variables (p>0.05).

According to the results obtained from this study, it can be concluded that core stabilization exercises, strengthening hip abductor muscles, and mobilization exercises decrease pain and functional disability and increase quality of life. So, it is possible to use each exercise as a training method in the rehabilitation program of elderly patients with patellofemoral pain.

Knee osteoarthritis is caused by the wear and tear of the knee joint cartilage is a natural process. However, it can occur sooner among athletes based on the type of sport and the pressure on the knee joints that can be really intense. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect and durability of a home-exercise program based on NASM principles as well as its impact on range of motion, balance, and dynamic gait parameters of male retired athletes suffering from knee arthritis.

In this semi-empirical study, as many as 24 male retired athletes suffering from knee arthritis were randomly selected and divided into two groups of 12 subjects (the NASM exercising group and the control group). The empirical group did NASM exercises at home for eight weeks. Range of motion with Goniometer, balance with berg balance scale and dynamic gait parameters with dynamic gait parameter test were evaluated before, after eight weeks of exercise, and also after four weeks of non-exposure to exercise. Data analysis was performed using repeated measures ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc tests at a 5% error level using SPSS 24 software.

NASM exercises have resulted in a significant increase in the amount of knee range of motion, range of motion of the femur, balance, and dynamic gait parameters in the post-test and durability stages compared to the pre-test. The range of motion of the knee (p<0.001) and femur (p = 0.007) in the durability phase was significantly reduced compared to the post-test but in equilibrium (p = 0.080). As well as dynamic gait parameters (p = 0.501), there was no significant difference between the two stages of post-test and durability. Additionally, no significant difference was found in the control group (p>0.05).

Apparently, NASM exercises can lead to improvements in range of motion, balance, and dynamic gait parameters among male retired athletes suffering from knee arthritis. That is why, it is highly recommended for these people.

Football (Soccer) is associated with an inherent risk of head injuries and is also unique in "heading" skill. Heading can activate biomarkers of brain damage. The present study provides a comprehensive review of researches on the prevalence of head injuries and the effectiveness of biochemical markers in performing this skill.Scientific libraries were searched for studies published between 2000 and 2021. Search terms included ‘Head Injuries’, ‘Brain Injuries’, ‘Epidemiology’ and ‘Soccer’. Studies that contained data on heading, biomarkers of brain injuries, injury incidence rate and mechanisms were included. Non-English and non-Persian studies, contained data on non-soccer related injury, or conference abstracts were excluded. From 243 articles related to the subject, 45 articles had inclusion criteria.Head injuries rate in premier leagues varies (range of change 0.3% to 16.8%, or 0.12 to 1 per 1000 hours) and is lower compared to reports of semi-professional leagues (0.3% vs 22%). Heading is not common head injury mechanisms in premier leagues. The most common markers used to assess brain damage are S100B (8 studies) and NF-L (6 studies). Tau (3 studies), NSE (2 studies), albumin (1 study) and brain growth factors (1 study) were also used to evaluate the effectiveness of heading skills. In total, 9 studies reported changes in levels and 11 studies of no changes in markers levels following heading at different ages in both women and men.Exposure to repeated subconcussive and high speed impacts as the form of soccer heading may lead to brain damage that can be detected using biochemical markers. The results of the present study show that heading in football should not be overlooked as a potential mechanism of brain injury. Of course, more research is needed to clarify the possibility of such a relationship.

Disorders in the lower extremities biomechanics and kinematics are one of the causes of patellofemoral pain syndrome. The aim of this study was to investigate the lower extremities biomechanics of the in patellofemoral pain syndrome: a narrative review of the articles 2020-2010.
This article is a narrative review with a comprehensive systematic electronic search in databases (Google Scholar, Magiran PubMed, Springer, Taylor & Francis, ISC) related articles from 2010 to 2020. Search keywords included: Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome "& Lower Extremity Biomechanics ".
After reviewing 293 articles, 36 articles were found based on the relevant inclusion criteria in the field of lower limb biomechanics. After reviewing the quality of this articles, 15 articles that examined the lower extremities biomechanics in patients with patellofemoral pain were selected and their role was evaluated in patients with patellofemoral pain.
The lower extremities biomechanics in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome are impaired and the exercises performed on these individuals should cause changes in the lower extremities biomechanics of the alignment of the joints.